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Modern Genetics DNA
Genes and chromosomes are nade of genetic material.This genetic material is DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a long, complex molecule. It contains an organism's genetic information.
DNA looks like a twisted ladder. Its shape is called a double helix. The sides of the double helix are made of sugars and phosphates. Its rungs are made of chemicals called bases. There are four kinds of bases in DNA: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. Each rung is made of two bases. Each base can connect with only one other. Guanine and cytosine can only bond with each other.
Genetic Code
DNA molecules are made from many short sections is a different gene. Every pattern of the base pair is a genetic cade. This code tells every cell what to do. It also tells what the organism will look like.
Every species has its own kind of DNA.
A genome is all of the DNA in a organism. The human genome is made of 3 billion base pairs. The different numbers and orders of base pairs. The different numbers and orders of base pairs cause all the genetic differences in Earth's organisms.

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
DNA bases pair up with each other, A with T and C with G, to form units called base pairs. Each base is also attached to a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule. Together, a base, sugar, and phosphate are called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in two long strands that form a spiral called a double helix. The structure of the double helix is somewhat like a ladder, with the base pairs forming the ladder’s rungs and the sugar and phosphate molecules forming the vertical sidepieces of the ladder.
An important property of DNA is that it can replicate, or make copies of itself. Each strand of DNA in the double helix can serve as a pattern for duplicating the sequence of bases. This is critical when cells divide because each new cell needs to have an exact copy of the DNA present in the old cell.
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